Sorting Trachycarpus names
http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Trachycarpus.html
Trachycarpus argyratus S. K. Lee & F. N. Wei -> Guihaia argyrata (Lee & Wei) S. K. Lee, F. N. Wei & J. Dransfield
Trachycarpus excelsus (Thunb.) H. Wendl. -> Rhapis excelsa (Thunb.) A. Henry ex Rehder
SYNONYMS : Chamaerops excelsa Thunb., Rhapis flabelliformis L'Hér. ex Aiton, H. Wendl. Rhapis excelsa (Thunb.) A. Henry ex Rehder
Trachycarpus fortunei (Hook.) H. Wendl.
Trachycarpus khasyana (Griff.) H. Wendl. -> Trachycarpus martianus (Wall.) H. Wendl.
Trachycarpus latisectus T. W. Spanner, H. J. Noltie & M. Gibbons
Trachycarpus martianus (Wall.) H. Wendl.
Trachycarpus nana Becc.
Trachycarpus nanus Becc. -> Trachycarpus nana Becc.
Trachycarpus takil Becc.
Trachycarpus sikkimensis xxx -> Trachycarpus latisectus T. W. Spanner, H. J. Noltie & M. Gibbons
Trachycarpus wagnerianus hort. ex Becc.
Monday, 23 February 2009
Annales d'horticulture et de botanique, ou Flore des jardins du
XV. Chamaerops Linn.
98. Chamaerops excelsa Thunb. Fl. Jap. p. 139. Mart. Palm. p. 251, l. 125. f. 2, 3. Kunth. Enum. III p. 250. Miq. Ann. Ind. p. 6 Ejusd. Fl. v. Ned. Ind. III p. 60. China media et australis; in Japoniae hortos introducta.
Chamaerops excelsa var. humilis Thbg. vid Rhapis humilis
98. Chamaerops excelsa Thunb. Fl. Jap. p. 139. Mart. Palm. p. 251, l. 125. f. 2, 3. Kunth. Enum. III p. 250. Miq. Ann. Ind. p. 6 Ejusd. Fl. v. Ned. Ind. III p. 60. China media et australis; in Japoniae hortos introducta.
Chamaerops excelsa var. humilis Thbg. vid Rhapis humilis
Latania borbonica
On le croit originaire de la province de Sse-tchuen (une des provinces occidentales de la Chine, touchant au Thibet, entre 26º et 32º de lat. nord), d'où il aurait été transporté à l'ile Bourbon dans l'autre siècle, ce qui l'aurait fait nommer Latania borbonica par Lamark, C'est de Bourbon que proviennent le peu d'individus de cette plante qui sont aujourd'hui cultivés en Europe. Tel est particulièrement l'individu du jardin du château royal de Nymphenburg près Munich, que M. de Martius a decrit et figuré, et qui avait soixant ans de l'âge lorsqu'il a été étudié par l'éminent auteur que je viens de citer. Tel est aussi l'échantillon non moins remarquable, quoique moins âgé, qui occupe le centre du grand pavillion (serre chaud) du Jardin-des-Plantes de Paris, où le pied est en plein terre. Voir lam. Dict. III 1789, p. 429 (Latania borbonica), Jacq. fragm. bot. 1800-1809, p. 16, tab. XI, fig. 1 (Latania chinensis), et Mart. Hist nat. palm. 1836-1850, p. 210, tab. 146 (Livistona chinensis R. Br.).
More on Chamaerops fortunei
Notes from Bulletin de la Société botanique de France vol. 8, 1861
p.409 et seq.
John Gould Veitch saw many plants growing on his ascent of Mount Fusi-yama - Gardeners' Chronicle, 1860. p. 1127
Siebold send the first seeds to Holland in 1830 obtained from a type specimen growing in the botanical garden established by the Dutch on the edge of their factory on the small island of Dezima, near Nagasaki. (Siebold, catal. raisonné des plantes et graines du Japon cultivé à Leyde, 1856, p. 7)
Martius was the first to report on the plant's native habitat. The Chinese called the plant Tsong-liu from China media aut australi. Seems an unlikely provenance for a hardy palm.
Fortune saw this palm under cultivation (for its fibre) on the island of Chusan. Wanderings in China, 1847, p. 53.
Montigny, French consul at Shanghai from 1848-1859 sent seeds to France on several occasions. Montigny saw wild plants in the interior provinces Kiang-si, Tche-kiang and Kiang-nan.
Debeaux (see letter written by Debeaux to M. Durieu de Maisonneuve, Tche-fou, 24 oct. 1860 - Bull. t, VIII, p.4-6) disagrees completly with Fortune and Montigny
Summary
1. Chamaerops excelsa comes neither from the north of China, nor the south
2. It is perfectly established in Central Provinces (along the Yang-tse
3. It is perfectly acclimatized in Southern Japan
Following an analysis of climate in which this palm is found growing in China - the author concludes that Madrid or Montpellier would suit the species very well - it would not grow on the coast of Portugal too mild.
Acclimatation
Holland - Siebold 1830. Plants raised at Leyde whence they were passed on to Bot Gdns of Amsterdam, Gand, Brussells Bonn and Kew.
At Kew the subject introduced by Siebold was in Dec. 1860 28 feet tall in the palm house - no one suspected that it could be half hardy. Received 1836 from Prof. Reinwardt. Never flowered.
At Bonn also recived from Leyde (in 1838) as a young plant. It is a female tree 12 feet tall has produced numerous young plants - must be polygamous.
Herrenhausen - 1839 plant has not yet flowered. - obtained from MM. Loddiges of Hackney - who received seeds from M. Siebold. 3m trunk
England - Fortune
Seeds sent from Chusan Island in 1849 - sent in sufficient number to justify experiment out doors. Lindley in Gard Chron 1856 p. 175 gave notice of hardy palm.
Northamptonshire Gard Chron 1860 p. 175 - report on exotics and winter.
The plate in the botanical magazine is very sloppy - figs 6 & / show the fruit of another specise. Fig 1 shows the plant growing in the Palm House - Japanese provenance - Cham. excelsa.
Swansea winter of 1859-60 alternate cold and wet killed Viburnum tinus but did not affect this palm. Gard Chron 1860 p. 362
Osborne Isle of Wight 1849 - 10 winters 10 feet high - Fortune Gard Chron 1860, p.70
Andrew Toward head gardener Osborne recounts that temp min had been -7ºc. Chamaerops humilis has to be protected.
1856 Glendinning of Chiswick, Turnham Green sells for 26 shillings each Gard Chron 1856, p.175 whilst Siebold was selling for 50 francs (about the double)
France introduced in quantity and quality by Consul-General de Montigny from the province of Kiang-nan sent from Shanghai several lots from from 1851 onwards - so many that plants were sold for 3 fr. whilst in London they were still25,50 fr in 1856.
Algeria
M. Hardy directeur du Jardin d'acclimatation de Hamma près Alger
1853 received from de Montigny - 300 plants germinated. raised in pots in the open air. Planted out as a 600 long avenue in 1861 - 1,2m high
Two planted out in 1855 - 2,50m of trunk - no fruit no flowers
There are other avenues at Hamma one of Dates the other of Lataniers
Paris
1852 Jardin des Plantes first seeds sown, then again in 1855, 56, 57, and 59 - germinated with great success two or three months. Several dozen plants planted out in different parts of the garden - protected under aframe in the winter. 3 subjects un-protected. one died in the winter of 1860-61 in -15ºc. another has survived protected by a cloche. the 3rd, sown in 1852 is growing in the nursery under the care of Mr. Carrière (le jardinier lettré que tout le monde connait et honore) growing at the foot of a wall since 1854 and until 1859 covered by a cloche in winter. Then wrapped up in straw surviving mortal winter of 1860-61. Now 1n high with 25cm of trunk.
Plants distributed by Decaisne to all points of France - Med Coast, Atlantic Coast.
M. Naudin me garantit Cannes et Antibes
In summary all these plants are still dwarfs - the only arborescent individual is at Osborne. The author thinks this is a miracle and will not last long.
Section on economic uses
Livistona chinensis R. Br. also produces an economically useful fibre in China
p.409 et seq.
John Gould Veitch saw many plants growing on his ascent of Mount Fusi-yama - Gardeners' Chronicle, 1860. p. 1127
Siebold send the first seeds to Holland in 1830 obtained from a type specimen growing in the botanical garden established by the Dutch on the edge of their factory on the small island of Dezima, near Nagasaki. (Siebold, catal. raisonné des plantes et graines du Japon cultivé à Leyde, 1856, p. 7)
Martius was the first to report on the plant's native habitat. The Chinese called the plant Tsong-liu from China media aut australi. Seems an unlikely provenance for a hardy palm.
Fortune saw this palm under cultivation (for its fibre) on the island of Chusan. Wanderings in China, 1847, p. 53.
Montigny, French consul at Shanghai from 1848-1859 sent seeds to France on several occasions. Montigny saw wild plants in the interior provinces Kiang-si, Tche-kiang and Kiang-nan.
Debeaux (see letter written by Debeaux to M. Durieu de Maisonneuve, Tche-fou, 24 oct. 1860 - Bull. t, VIII, p.4-6) disagrees completly with Fortune and Montigny
Summary
1. Chamaerops excelsa comes neither from the north of China, nor the south
2. It is perfectly established in Central Provinces (along the Yang-tse
3. It is perfectly acclimatized in Southern Japan
Following an analysis of climate in which this palm is found growing in China - the author concludes that Madrid or Montpellier would suit the species very well - it would not grow on the coast of Portugal too mild.
Acclimatation
Holland - Siebold 1830. Plants raised at Leyde whence they were passed on to Bot Gdns of Amsterdam, Gand, Brussells Bonn and Kew.
At Kew the subject introduced by Siebold was in Dec. 1860 28 feet tall in the palm house - no one suspected that it could be half hardy. Received 1836 from Prof. Reinwardt. Never flowered.
At Bonn also recived from Leyde (in 1838) as a young plant. It is a female tree 12 feet tall has produced numerous young plants - must be polygamous.
Herrenhausen - 1839 plant has not yet flowered. - obtained from MM. Loddiges of Hackney - who received seeds from M. Siebold. 3m trunk
England - Fortune
Seeds sent from Chusan Island in 1849 - sent in sufficient number to justify experiment out doors. Lindley in Gard Chron 1856 p. 175 gave notice of hardy palm.
Northamptonshire Gard Chron 1860 p. 175 - report on exotics and winter.
The plate in the botanical magazine is very sloppy - figs 6 & / show the fruit of another specise. Fig 1 shows the plant growing in the Palm House - Japanese provenance - Cham. excelsa.
Swansea winter of 1859-60 alternate cold and wet killed Viburnum tinus but did not affect this palm. Gard Chron 1860 p. 362
Osborne Isle of Wight 1849 - 10 winters 10 feet high - Fortune Gard Chron 1860, p.70
Andrew Toward head gardener Osborne recounts that temp min had been -7ºc. Chamaerops humilis has to be protected.
1856 Glendinning of Chiswick, Turnham Green sells for 26 shillings each Gard Chron 1856, p.175 whilst Siebold was selling for 50 francs (about the double)
France introduced in quantity and quality by Consul-General de Montigny from the province of Kiang-nan sent from Shanghai several lots from from 1851 onwards - so many that plants were sold for 3 fr. whilst in London they were still25,50 fr in 1856.
Algeria
M. Hardy directeur du Jardin d'acclimatation de Hamma près Alger
1853 received from de Montigny - 300 plants germinated. raised in pots in the open air. Planted out as a 600 long avenue in 1861 - 1,2m high
Two planted out in 1855 - 2,50m of trunk - no fruit no flowers
There are other avenues at Hamma one of Dates the other of Lataniers
Paris
1852 Jardin des Plantes first seeds sown, then again in 1855, 56, 57, and 59 - germinated with great success two or three months. Several dozen plants planted out in different parts of the garden - protected under aframe in the winter. 3 subjects un-protected. one died in the winter of 1860-61 in -15ºc. another has survived protected by a cloche. the 3rd, sown in 1852 is growing in the nursery under the care of Mr. Carrière (le jardinier lettré que tout le monde connait et honore) growing at the foot of a wall since 1854 and until 1859 covered by a cloche in winter. Then wrapped up in straw surviving mortal winter of 1860-61. Now 1n high with 25cm of trunk.
Plants distributed by Decaisne to all points of France - Med Coast, Atlantic Coast.
M. Naudin me garantit Cannes et Antibes
In summary all these plants are still dwarfs - the only arborescent individual is at Osborne. The author thinks this is a miracle and will not last long.
Section on economic uses
Livistona chinensis R. Br. also produces an economically useful fibre in China
POSTSCRIPTUM
In all that has preceeded the author has presupposed that the Chusan palm is the same species as Chamaerops excelsa of Japan, and further that this last was of the same genus as Chamaerops humilis of the Mediterranean. Wendland contests both these points.
In all that has preceeded the author has presupposed that the Chusan palm is the same species as Chamaerops excelsa of Japan, and further that this last was of the same genus as Chamaerops humilis of the Mediterranean. Wendland contests both these points.
He proposes to establish a new genus Trachycarpus for the Chamaerops of the orient. With four species
T. excelsus (Chamaerops excelsa Thunb. et Mart) - the japanese tree
T. Martianus (Chamaerops Martiana Wall. Chamaerops excelsa var. Mart.) Himalaya and Nepal
T. Fortunei (Chamaerops Fortunei Hook. Bot Mag. 5221) Chusan Palm
T. Khasianus (Chamaerops Khasiana Griff in Calcutta Journal) Khasia India.
Genus Trachycarpus is closer to Saribus rumph. than to Chamaerops
M. Brongiart
M. Brongiart fait observer que plusiers autres palmiers, et notamment l' Areca sapida Forst., pourraient probablement être cultivès en plein terre dans certains localités de la France,
Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France
1861, v. 8, p. 430
Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France
1861, v. 8, p. 430
Trachycarpus fortunei
Trachycarpus fortunei (Hook.) H. Wendl.
Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 8: 429. 1861.
Basionym
Chamaerops fortunei Hook. Botanical Magazine 86: , pl. 5221. 1860.
Synonyms
Trachycarpus excelsus (Thunb.) H. Wendl. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 8: 429. 1861.
Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 8: 429. 1861.
Basionym
Chamaerops fortunei Hook. Botanical Magazine 86: , pl. 5221. 1860.
Synonyms
Trachycarpus excelsus (Thunb.) H. Wendl. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 8: 429. 1861.
Mr. Fortune's Chamaerops
The Palm above described is now well known as " Mr. Fortune's Chusan Palm," and has attracted considerable attention on account of its comparative hardiness. It is indeed the most hardy of all these princes of the vegetable kingdom that is as yet known to us, and the only one that has been proved to stand almost unprotected throughout the last ten winters in the latitude of London. In the Isle of Wight, under the shelter of the Royal residence of Osborne, it has attained a height of ten feet in the open air, six feet being the height of the stem below the foliage, and its diameter fourteen inches at one foot from the ground; it has blossomed for the last three years, with no protection during the winter.* Our plants at Kew were introduced by Mr. Fortune, in 1849, and have attained eight feet in height; the finest are moved into a conservatory during the winter, but others receive no other protection than a matting in the severest winter months.
* Chamaerops humilis is also flourishing in the open air at Osborne, but requires a little protection in the severest weather.
We have taken great pains to determine the name and affinityof this interesting plant, which certainly approaches very closely indeed to the C. excelsa, Mart., a species discovered and described by Thunberg, figured by Martins, and of which a noble specimen, twenty-eight feet high, received from Japan, through Dr. Siebold, flourishes in the Palm house at Kew. To this we were strongly inclined to refer Mr. Fortune's palm, notwithstanding that the C. excelsa was never supposed to be even half-hardy, both because of its near resemblance and because Thunberg states C. excelsa to be a native of China and only introduced into Japan. Mr. Smith, however, has always considered them different, and after a close comparison we are disposed to agree with him, on the following accounts :—C. Fortunei is a more robust species, with more compact and appressed matted network of fibres amongst the bases of the petioles, much stouter shorter petioles, less glaucous more shining foliage, far broader segments of the leaves, and pendulous apices to these. The flowers of the two are nearly alike, and the fruit of C. Fortunei is unknown; that figured for it at Figs. 6 and 7 of our Plate was introduced by error, and should be expunged.
* Chamaerops humilis is also flourishing in the open air at Osborne, but requires a little protection in the severest weather.
We have taken great pains to determine the name and affinityof this interesting plant, which certainly approaches very closely indeed to the C. excelsa, Mart., a species discovered and described by Thunberg, figured by Martins, and of which a noble specimen, twenty-eight feet high, received from Japan, through Dr. Siebold, flourishes in the Palm house at Kew. To this we were strongly inclined to refer Mr. Fortune's palm, notwithstanding that the C. excelsa was never supposed to be even half-hardy, both because of its near resemblance and because Thunberg states C. excelsa to be a native of China and only introduced into Japan. Mr. Smith, however, has always considered them different, and after a close comparison we are disposed to agree with him, on the following accounts :—C. Fortunei is a more robust species, with more compact and appressed matted network of fibres amongst the bases of the petioles, much stouter shorter petioles, less glaucous more shining foliage, far broader segments of the leaves, and pendulous apices to these. The flowers of the two are nearly alike, and the fruit of C. Fortunei is unknown; that figured for it at Figs. 6 and 7 of our Plate was introduced by error, and should be expunged.
Descr. The caudex or stem, in its native climate, eight to twelve feet high (exclusive of the crown of leaves), the lower portion marked transversely with the numerous scars of the fallen leaves, the upper portion exhibits the bases of the petioles of the old leaves, mixed with a good deal of coarse transverse fibre, which also abounds among the perfect foliage. Fronds forming a handsome, more or less spreading crown to the caudex. Petioles a foot and a half or more long, convex below, nearly plain above, the margin quite unarmed, or very obscurely toothed, in which respect it differs -widely from the better-known Ch. humilis. Lamina semiorbicular, flabellate, a foot and a half long and broad, deeply plaited, cut for about a half or more of the way down into numerous linear segments, which are three-quarters to an 1 inch broad, pendulous towards their apices. Spadix small in proportion to the plant, and consequently not very conspicuous, emerging from several imbricating leafy Iracts, forming the spatha, and constituting a dense thyrsoid panicle, more than a span long, and clothed with yellow flowers, scarcely so large as those of the Lily of the Valley. Peduncles and primary branches thick : ultimate branches pubescent. Flowers sessile, rarely perfect, mostly male or female. Calyx small, of three sepals. Corolla of three orbicular petals. Stamens inserted on the base of the petals.
Ovaries three, ovate, hairy, tapering upwards into a thick subulate style.
Fig. 1. Very reduced figure of flowering plant. 2. Spatha and spadix :— natural size. 3. Female flower. 4. Petal and .stamen. 5. Ovaries. (N.B. Figures 6 and 7 are fruits of another plant, unintentionally introduced, and are to be cancelled):—all but Figs. 1 and 2 magnified.
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